Journalism Laws/Ethics

1. What are the 5 freedoms of the 1st amendment?
Speech, Press, Religion, Petition, Assembly


2. What is the Tinker Standard?
Student speech cannot be censored as long as it does not "materially disrupt class work or involve substantial disorder or invasion of the rights of others." (Tinker vs. Des Moines School District, 1st course case that was in favor of the students")


3. What is the Frasier Standard?
Because school officials have an "interest in teaching students the boundaries of socially appropriate behavior," they can censor student speech that is vulgar or indecent, even if it does not cause a "material or substantial disruption." (Bethel School District vs. Fraser in 1986 for inappropriate speech for class president.)


4. What is the Hazelwood Standard?
Censorship of school-sponsored student expression is permissible when school officials can show that it is "reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns." (Hazelwood Schhol District vs. Kuhlmeier in 1988, censor stories in newspaper about teen pregnancy and divorce.)


5. What is the Frederick Standard?
(January 2002, Olympic torch travels through town, Principal Morse cancels school, Senior Fredrick unveils banner on the sidewalk across street which says "Bong hits 4 Jesus", Suspended for 10 days.) Court ruled in favor of the school because it was a school field trip.

6. What is the definition of libel?
Legal terms or false statements of fact about a person that are pinted, broadcast, spoken or otherwise communicated by others. Libel is printed, Slander is spoken.
Elements of Libel- Untrue, hurts people's reputation, and published. A defoamortory statement, "Of and concerning" the plaintiff, false, made with fault.